Arctic and Alpine Soils Essay -- Argriculture Research Papers

Arctic and Alpine daubsProposal(Ant)arctic (high-latitude) and alpine (mountain) areas are affected by relatively similar climates, as latitude and altitude release similar meteorologic effects. In these geographic regions where temperature is at such a pronounced extreme, climate would seem to be the leading factor of soil development. It is my intention in this research paper to answer the following question How do the soils of arctic and alpine areas differ? This idea, taken largely from an abstract by Birkeland (1975), provide be explored through the comparison of the soils of these two geographic regions, and an analysis of the soil development factors in those environments. Introduction Both high-latitude and high-altitude regions are subject to climates that are reign by extreme cold for at least part of the year. This extreme characteristic creates within these regions a stark environmental contrast to most other geographic regions of Earth, pairing with climate a diffe rent and uncommon set of geomorphologic features on the thin surficial layer of the planet. Dokuchaev (1886 & ca. 1900 and 1899, as quoted by Afanasiev (1927) and Gerasimov (1956), respectively) do progressive early studies in soil science in the Caucausus Mountains and in Arctic Russia and applied a theory that drew an analog between good and horizontal zonality. He observed that biota and temperature changed drastically at increasing elevations in much the way that the same characteristics vary with increasing latitude. Dokuchaev then extrapolated that the variant in biota and temperature would also indicate similar changes in soil types, but did so without sufficient observed support. While this hypothesis was a resplendent step in ea... ... problem. Biul. Peryglacjalny (Lodz) 22285--294. _______. 1973b. Soils of the polar region of North America. Biul. Peryglacjalny (Lodz), 23157-165. _______. 1977. Soils of the Polar Landscapes Rutgers, the State university of New Jersey. 637 pp. Tedrow, J. C. F. et al. 1958. Major genetic soils of the Arctic Slope of Alaska. J. Soil Sci. 933-45. Ugolini, F. C. and Tedrow, J. C. F. 1963. Soils of the Brooks Range, Alaska 3 Rendzina of the arctic. Soil Sci. 96121-127. Walton, G. F. 1972. The high arctic environment and Polar desert soils. Ph.D. thesis, Rutgers University. 479 pp. Williams, P. J. 1957. The direct recording of solifluction movements. Amer. J. Sci., 257481-490. Zakharov, S. A. 1927. Achievements of Russian science in morphology of soils. Russian Pedological Investigations, Soviet Acad. Sci. (Leningrad), Chap. 2 (47 pp.).

Labelling People Essay example -- essays research papers

LabellingA label defines an individual as a certain kind of person. Defining an act as abnormal or criminal is not a simple straight forward process. A label is not neutral, it contains an evaluation of the person to whom it is applied. It is a Master Status in the sense that it overshadows all the other circumstancees possessed by the individual. If an individual is labelled as criminal, mentally ill or gay, such labels tend to override the individuals status as father, husband, worker, friend or neighbour. Whether or not the label is applied will depend on how the act is interpreted by the audience. This in exercise will depend on who commits the act and where and when it was committed.Deviance is amongst other things a consequence of the response of others to a persons act. Students of deviance can not assume that they ar dealing with a homogenous category. When they study people who consider been labelled deviant (Howard Becker)If the agents of social control define y oungsters as delinquents for breaking the law, those youngsters become deviant. They have been labelled as such by those who have the power to make labels stick. However Becker argued deviance is not a quality that lies in behaviour itself nevertheless in the interaction between the person who commits an act and those who respond to it. From this point of view, deviance is produced by a process of interaction between the potential deviant and the agents of control. Becker then examined the possible effects on an individual being labelled as deviant and that a deviant label can lead to further deviance. However, Becker argued that this process is by no means inevitable, ex-convicts do get jobs and go straight, drug addicts do sometimes give up their habit ... ...e due to overlook of empirical support and a conservative political climate (www.mpcc.cc.ne.us). Becker (1963) believes the future of labelling lies in the widespread empirical study of deviance and the various kind s of deviance.In conclusion, formerly an individual is labelled deviant, the pressure within society to conform to the said norm is an ever demanding and increasing pressure. Whilst the intention of the said individual may head be to follow the path of normal individuals, once labelled, for whit ever reason it is ever increasingly difficult to return to the normal way of career without this shadow overwhelming most.ReferencesBecker H.S. 1963 Outsiders The Free Press New York (Pg 9)Becker H.S. 1963 Outsiders The Free Press New York (Holstein 1993, www.sscf.ucsb.edu)(www.mpcc.cc.ne.us)

How To Get To School Without Saying The F Word :: essays research papers

Ingredients Yourself and the city of New YorkPlease Dont scream overly loud at the sunlight piercing your protesting eyes, torn from the throes of a trip in Rome. Monotonously say, Yes Mom, to the screaming she-devil dragging you out of bed. Place your feet on the iciness floor and yelp. Scramble for your floppies make sure theyre under the bed. No other place will do. You will now be forced to screw up underneath the bed for this necessary accessory. Make sure your hand encounters something cold and slimy that you cant identify. But please DONT regularise THE F cry. Remember, Mom is watching.Remove your hand, wipe on tissue and slowly make your way to the bathroom. Make sure it is occupied hopefully by your familiar but if he is not available, your sister will do. If it is your father, go back to your room and wait for either sibling. Once your brother or sister is in the bathroom, bang on the door at least twice. Repeat if desired. Have them stay inside for another five minu tes, pace the hallway in restlessness and wish to be an only child. You may also wish to die but this is quite drastic and not necessary. Once the occupant leaves the bathroom, glare at them angrily and then stalk inside. Jump into the shower, turn the wrong knob so that cold water pours over your face. But please DONT SAY THE F WORD. Someone might be standing right outside. Make sure your shower is just long enough so that you collect to skip breakfast. Emerge from your shower, don a towel and stare at yourself in the mirror. Complain about your looks, wallow in self-pity and begin to cry hysterically. dot crying. Stare at yourself in the mirror, analyze your face. Say, It could be worse. Blame the media for your insecurities, and give yourself a pep talk. Try to brush your teeth without incident. Whistle a little, be happy. Dont trip on the way out the bathroom. Tip-toe on the cold, hard floor to your room where your little sister lies in ambush in the corner . She will dart ou t screaming and scare you to death, them run shrieking down the hallway. Please DONT SAY THE F WORD Her young, impressionable mind does not need the profanity. Quickly grab the first T-shirt and jeans you find in the Everest of piles that is your clothing.

The Causes of Ophelias Breakdown Essay -- English Literature Essays

The Causes of Ophelias BreakdownThe play critical point is known for its eccentric plot and warped sense of reality as well as its fanatical characters. Hamlet him egotism created all the drama in the play with his pretend madness and his emotional outbursts, which lead to the destruction of almost all of the characters in the play. The most notable self destruction came from Ophelia, Hamlets object of affection. During the play, Ophelia had undergone a lot of stress which lead her character to metamorphous. At the beginning of the play, Laertes spoke to his sweet, loving sister Ophelia most his departure of Denmark to go to England and also his concerns of she and Hamlets relationship. He warned her of what he thought Hamlets true intentions were. If with too credent ear you list his songs Or lose your tit or your chaste treasure open To his unmastered opportunity. Fear it, Ophelia my dear sister. (I.iii.34-37) He believed that Hamlet was only with her out of lust and Hamlet said that he cherished to marry her only so she would sleep with him. Laertes told her that Hamlet comes from a royal family and she does not, therefore Hamlet will not marry her, nor does he love her. Ophelia disregarded most of what Laertes had said about Hamlet. Right after that Polonius came to speak to Laertes before he had gone to England. They spoke briefly and Polonius gave him advice to follow. Before saying farewell, Laertes told Ophelia to remember what he had said. Curious of...

rEsource and Learning Teams Essay -- Personal Perspective Work Resourc

rEsource and Learning TeamsWe are at the beginning of a journey of understanding. arrest ourselves, other people, and the businesses we work for. We have many tools at our disposal for our journey. Two of the most important tools are rEsource and learning teams. In this paper I will discuss the values of these tools as well as the value of problem-based learning as it relates to our work and social lives. From the time I first logged on, I saw that rEsource would be our most valuable tool.The Value of rEsourceThe rEsource course page has many useful links to utilize end-to-end our journey. The e-Book and library links are excellent, with them research possibilities are endless. The link for the center of theme excellence is also a considerable commodity. With this link a writing tutor can be utilized as well as a writing style critic. With these sources I plan on honing my writing skills so that I not only have the business knowledge but I will also be able to present this knowledg e in an organized and professional format. The rEsource page is very well organized and provides quick links to the weekly topics, readings, assignments, and quizzes. This comes in very handy for checking current place and staying on schedule. While these links are very valuable my peers are also a very valuable tool. The Value of Learning TeamsThere is very much value in forming teams. The opportunity exists to create improved processes, competitiveness, increased quality, be...

rEsource and Learning Teams Essay -- Personal Perspective Work Resourc

rEsource and Learning TeamsWe atomic number 18 at the beginning of a journey of understanding. Understanding ourselves, other people, and the businesses we work for. We hasten many tools at our disposal for our journey. Two of the or so important tools are rEsource and learning teams. In this paper I will discuss the values of these tools as well as the value of problem-based learning as it relates to our work and social lives. From the time I first logged on, I saw that rEsource would be our most valuable tool.The Value of rEsourceThe rEsource course rascal has many useful links to utilize throughout our journey. The e-Book and library links are excellent, with them interrogation possibilities are endless. The link for the center of writing excellence is also a considerable commodity. With this link a writing tutor can be apply as well as a writing style critic. With these sources I plan on honing my writing skills so that I not only have the business knowledge but I will also be able to present this knowledge in an organized and professional format. The rEsource page is very well organized and provides quick links to the weekly topics, readings, assignments, and quizzes. This comes in very handy for checking current status and staying on schedule. While these links are very valuable my peers are also a very valuable tool. The Value of Learning TeamsThere is much value in forming teams. The opportunity exists to get improved processes, competitiveness, increased quality, be...

Affordable Care ACT

The patient protection and inexpensive Care Act of 2010 (ACA) is expected to shed a major impact on the financing of healthcare, princip exclusivelyy by expanding insurance reportage to approximately 32 million of the current 50. 7 million uninsurable by 2014. If the goal is reached, 95% of all Americans will have health insurance (Kovner& Knickman, 2011). The Affordable Care Act will expand coverage in two key ways expanding Medicaid eligibility and through a blend of subsidies and mandates that encourage the working grad to purchase affordable insurance coverage in the sequestered market.Medicaid eligibility rates will be expanded so that most people who earn less 133% of the federal poverty take will be covered. Furthermore, the Affordable Care Act is one of the biggest changes to our Health care system since the introduction of Medicaid and Medicare. However, there smooth will be 29 million Americans who will still lack healthcare insurance even after the Affordable Care Act is fully instituted (Andrews,Darnell,Mcbride& Gerlert,2013) fundamental goals of the ACA are to decrease the live of healthcare, increase smell of healthcare, services, and make healthcare assessable to all Americans, particularly the uninsured.One of the largest changes to healthcare through ACA is that everyone must have insurance this is the largest positive factor of the ACA (Hayes, 2011) The ACA is meant to target insurance policies that have limitations based on preexisting conditions the goal is to eliminate this kind of policy and improve access to quality health care(Hayes,2011). The fundamental goal of the ACA is that by making insurance available to millions more Americans that this will hopefully decrease healthcare cost by allowing more people to receive preventative care.In the long run, it is for the most part cheaper to prevent healthcare problems than it is to treat active diseases (Cleary, Brenda, and Peggy Wilmoth, 2011). Beginning in 2014, most individuals will be required to maintain minimum essential coverage or will be required to pay a penalty of 95 dollars the first year 350 dollars in 2015 and 750 dollars in 2016 ,and indexed thereafter for those under 18 age of age the penalty will be one half the amount for adults(Robeznieks& Andis,2011).For individuals who make over 10, 0000 dollars a year the cost of health care cannot perish 8% of your yearly income (Hayes, 2011). The drafters of the ACA believed that increasing insurance coverage would not only improve quality of life, but also help reduce medical bankruptcies shortly the leading cause of bankruptcy in America. Additionally, ACA will establish state based health insurance exchanges. The exchanges are regulated online market places administered by each the federal or state governments, where individuals and small business can purchase private insurance plans.Individuals with incomes between 100% and 400% of the federal poverty level who purchase insurance plans via the exchange will be eligible to receive federal subsidies to help m pay premium costs (Robeznieks& Andis, 2011). The ACA is a quality forward in decreasing health disparities in our country by decreasing the influx of chronic diseases on patients and thereby decreasing the amount of preventable diseases that occur in this country. However, opponents of the law want to argue that the individual mandate is unconstitutional.Ethically for individuals and organizations this is the right thing to do by providing the less fortunate with insurance coverage (Hayes, 2011) . The ACA is a golden opportunity for our country to decrease a lot of preventable diseases from occurring by decreasing preventable diseases hopefully it will bring exhaust the cost of healthcare for every American. Conclusion In conclusion, the ACA is not a cure for all that ails our health care system it is going to take several(prenominal) years to realize the full implications of the law, but is a step forward in improvi ng Healthcare in our country.Moreover, there will remain both(prenominal) injustices and health disparities for example, there will 29 million Americans will still be without insurance even after the ACA is instituted among those who will lack insurance coverage are Illegal immigrants an estimated 23 million will be ineligible for insurance subsides and Medicaid, citizens not enrolled in Medicaid despite being eligible Citizens who whose insurance would cost more than the 8% house hold income are exempt from paying ,and Citizens not otherwise covered and opting to pay the annual penalty instead of buying insurance.Under the ACA more North Carolinas will be eligible for Health care prior to the ACA only children, the elderly and disabled qualified for Medicaid. I n January of 2014, all North Carolinas whose income is below 133% of the Federal poverty level will be eligible for Medicaid this will drastically improve access for North Carolinas working class single parent homes and tho se previously uninsured.

Jerry Maguire Essay

Students must secure (purchase, rent, or borrow) and view a copy of Jerry Maguire to answer the following questions1. expound Jerry Maguires job and describe what this type of position entails.Jerry Maguire is a sports agent a person who negotiates employment and endorsement deals for an athlete. For their services, the agent receives a commission, which usually runs amidst 4 and 10 percent. The agent also may assist in public traffic and all aspects of his clients finances.Our text states a few of the other responsibilities of the agent are Determines the value of the instrumenta amounts services Convinces a club to pay the player the aforementioned value Develops the package of compensation to suit the players needs Protects the players rights under contract Counsels the player about post rush security, both financial and occupational Finds a forward-looking club upon the players free agency Assists the player in earning extra income from endorsements, speeches, appearances, and commercials Advises athletes on the effect of their personal conduct on their career (p 26) match to Wikipedia, a sports agent helps market athletes or products associated with that athlete to promote an athletes career. Agents are responsible for communications with team owners, managers, coaches, and other individuals. Primarily, agents are employ to broker and negotiate contracts for their clients. Also, they are responsible for making recommendations in regards to the athletes options. In addition to finding income sources, agents often handle public relations matters for their clients. In some large sports agencies, such as IMG, Creative Artists Agency, and Octagon, agents deal with all aspects of a clients finances, from investment to filing taxes.Sports agents may be relied upon by their clients for guidance in all production line aspects, and sometimes even more broadly. For interrogationple, hockey agents start recruiting clients as young as 15, allowing the agent to betoken the athletes career before the NHL draft, which happens usually at 18 years of age. payable to the length and complexity of contracts, many sports agents are lawyers or receive a background in contract law. Agents are expected to be k instanterledgeable about finance, business management, and financial and risk analysis, as well as sports. It is important for a sports agent to follow trends in sports. Other skills an agent must possess are excellent communication and negotiation skills. Agents must be highly motivated, willing to work long hours, and have the ability to multitask. It is very common for agents to be in negotiations on behalf of several clients at one time. close to agents are part of large companies, and some are on their own. The number of clients an individual agent discharge handle and how many clients his or her employing agency can handle in total are interdependent variables.Before the 1990s, about soccer players did not use agents. In some cases, they used their fathers as agents. Due to most parents naivet about the football business, these young footballers were often given less-than-stellar contracts by football clubs, which yielded lower salaries than they thought they deserved. In Sweden, there were only three license agents in 1995. As of 2002, there were 33. According to FIFA, there were 5,187 licensed association football agents world-wide, with 600 agents in Italy alone. Since 2001, agents have not been licensed by FIFA. Instead, agents are now licensed directly by each association. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_agent2. Why has the bargaining power of athletes increased so much in the past 40 years?The sports constancy is experiencing tremendous growth, and sports marketingis playing an important role in this emerging industry. Sports marketing will continue to grow in importance as sports puzzle more pervasive in the U.S. culture and around the globe. The growth is identified in a number of ways the number of spectators, the growth of media coverage, increase in sport participation, rising employment opportunities, and the growth in sports internationally. (p31) Based on this it is my opinion that the bargaining power of athletes have increased because demand has increased.3. The competitive temperament of the sports agency business is real. Name five of the top agencies and show the source of your information (i.e. www). Creative Artists Agency CAA acquired various pieces of the sports agency business of SFX (see below), get-go with football. IMG International Management Group corporate agency established by entrepreneur identify McCormack, originally with a specialization in golf and tennis. afterward the death of McCormack the company was acquired by private equity group Forstmann Little. International Sports Management British sports agency run by former European play golfer Andrew Chubby Chandler.27 Octagon Worldwide Full-service sports agency and event marketing gro up, traded with advertising and marketing companies in the Interpublic Group. Priority Sports and Entertainment- Agency representing the most NBA players, run by Mark Bartelstein. Rosenhaus Sports- sports agency run by Drew Rosenhaus. Sports Management Worldwide (SMWW) global sports agency founded by Dr. Lynn Lashbrook. Wasserman Media Group acquired Arn Tellems basketball agency from SFX, and usually represents the most players in NBA lottery draft each year. I dont know if these are the top five but there are sort of a few of these names that keep popping up. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_agent4. Complete an Internet search of the Sports Agent career and describe how one could/should build a career in this industry (include source).Instructions1. Pick an undergraduate degree program in sports management. These courses will prepare you for most jobs in the sports agent field. Most paid leagues desire at least a four-year degree from an accredited university. Take as ma ny business management and entertainment or sports law courses as you can during your education.2. Determine what sport you want to be an agent in. Understand that the National Football League requires that sports agents hold a post-graduate degree in sports management, gay relations, business management, personal finance or a related field. Check with the league or professional sports memorial tablet you aspire to work for to understand particularized qualifications.3. Find out about the various qualifications for sports agents in your preferred field. Each electric potential agent should have information regarding educational requirements, sports league rules, salary information, recruiting information, enfranchisement fees and membership costs.4. Seek certification information on the league or professional organization in which you wish to work. Most leagues require some anatomy of certification, including the National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL) and Major League Baseball (MLB).5. Study for the certification test for the league or organization you wish to join. Each organization will have resources for certification courses that can help you prepare for the exam.6. Pay the certification fee and take the respective exam of the organization you aspire to be certified in.7. Obtain liability insurance, as this will be extremely important in your sports agent career. Some organizations require this of agents, while others do not specify it. Having it will be beneficial in searching for clients and ensure your own legal security on the job,8. determine as many agents, players, coaches and media figures as you can. Networking is a huge part of the sports industry and the best agents know how to sell themselves to players to gain clients. Get a good business card and give it to anyone that could be a potential client or lead you to a potential client.9. Search for internships or entry-level positions at an agency or at the sp ort organization where you wish to work. Internships can be an excellent way to meet potential clients and since you will already be certified, you can immediately start to network yourself as a potential representative.10. Start attending college and even high school sporting events in your area and scouting potential clients who may be in need of representation. Securing a client early will (if they are talented) help you build a name. Make sure you interference within the guidelines of district or National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) regulations for scouting.Read more Steps for How to Be a Sports Agent eHow.com http//www.ehow.com/how_6755412_steps-sports-agent.htmlixzz2AWCVixFe5. Locate and list five of the top sports agents (include source).Scott Boras Scott Boras CorporationArn Tellem WMG ManagementTom Condon CAA SportsDrew Rosenhaus Rosenhaus SportsDon Meehan Newport Sports ManagementThe top five that I found were from askmen.com but I do not know trustworth iness of this information. I did read on these five and they do have some big names behind them. http//www.askmen.com/top_10/sports/top-10-sports-agents_10.htmlAnother invest I visited had Arn Tellem, Bill Duffy, Tom Condon, and Tom Reich as the top agents. http//www.become-a-sports-agent.com/career.aspShank, D. Matthew. Sports Marketing, A Strategic Perspective. 4th Ed. New Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. Print.

Externalities in Business

Definition of externalities Externalities recently became an important and a popular term in the business world, especially with the risen of debates and arguments well-nigh the externalities cost and benefits, and the honourable issues related to it. Al near everybody deals with an outwardness everyday but without creation awargon of it (kaydee, 2008). The simple definition of says that Externality is the effect of an economic trans run which impacts soul who was not involved in that transaction.The more complicated definition sates that Externalities flush toilet be defined as the incompatible types of effects which impact rough parties (individual or entities) as a consequence of other parties activities. These effects occur without either(prenominal) choice of the modify society and without taking their interest into account by the touch on party (kaydee, 2008). When any economic trade occurs amid devil parties, they both benefit from the trade. Sometimes, a third pa rty is being collide withed as rise by this trade, the effect can be a interdict effect or a absolute unrivaled and these effects argon what we confabulate externalities ( unidentified nd). For example, if we intromit any business organization as one party and the customer is the other party, they both film the trade of the organization sells or provide goods or services, and the customer overcompensates to obtain this good or service. However, the ball club as a completely could be considered as a third party, any external cost the society indemnifys or any external benefits it gains from this trade (costs and benefits not included in the market price of the goods or services) argon past considered to be an externality.By breaking d witness this example, the business organization or the customer can be considered to be the inciteing party, the society, the third party, is thus go out be the hazarded party, the external costs and benefits ar the externalities (Anon. , nd). Types of externalities There are two types of externalities, the positive type and oppose type. The external benefits are always considered to be positive externalities, these benefits affect the foreigners in a positive way, give some advantages and without any payment required.The external costs are considered as interdict externalities, these costs affect the outsider proscribely, impact them in disadvantageous way, and the outsiders are take upd pay these costs without any choice (Jonson, n. d. ). There are lots of examples to clarify each of the two types. The negative externality which is some analysts gossip it as external costs and some other call it as external diseconomies can be seen in the global warming which is considered to be number one negative externality the change in the climate came as a result from the emissions of burning the oil, ember and gas.The water contaminant as a result of adding poisons to the water or the several(prenominal) contamina ted chemicals which are dumped by industrial plants in lands or lakes participates in harming the state, plants and zoologys. The over fishing which comes as a consequence from the over harvesting of a fishing company harms other fishing companies harvesting in the like ocean. The company trucks using a road whitethorn create congestion or traffic jam which impacts negatively other road users.In the animal production, the industrial farms which generate huge outputs of animal products generates a negative externalities in the form of increasing the antibiotic resistant bacteria, contamination of rivers and waters by the temperament of the animal waste. These farms as well result in other externality of the animal welfare reduction ascribable to the close quarters where the animals are kept.The hassles which may be ca utilise by the nu agnize plants when storing the nuclear waste in impropriate way, and the radioactive waste which is generated thorough the energy production of the nuclear power plants may affect the current and new generations. The external cost of health decline which is a consequence of smoking, the external cost in the form of car accidents due the use of alcohol by drinkers which may last to pedestrians killing or injure, are all considered as negative externality. All the previous negative externalities examples harm the purlieu and the inhabitants.The environment, the people, plants and animals are the parties which are affected negatively without any choice from their side and without taking their interests into consideration by the externality generator (Shaprio, Khemani, 2003 Anon. , nd). There are many examples withal to be mentioned to describe the positive externality. When someone bribes a certain product, it would make up the product value to other people who already confine this product, the increase of the value is considered to be an external benefit for these people, this type of positive externality sometimes ca lled the net work at externality or the network effect.When an invention is spy or information is made more accessible, then other people ordain externally benefit from using this invention or the information. The education also gives a positive externality to the whole society, the more are the educated people in the society the more the whole society kick downstairs wrap up even people who are not educated as the rate of crime will decline which means more safety.Another example of positive externalities is when a foreign company opens a new branch in another country, although the deal is between the foreign organization and the country, and although they both benefit financially from this deal, but as well people will benefit by having opportunities for jobs, salaries and kind of secure life, this extra benefit for the people is considered to be positive externality. in like stylus, when people buy a specific type of a commodity, the demand on these commodity increases, whic h as well increase the work chances for distributors, or when people buy a car model, then the demand for mechanics of this certain car model increases. Construction as well may give positive externality, when roads and bridges are built and opened it may give a chance of opening new areas for housing and establishing business entities (Shaprio, Khemani, 2003 Anon. , nd Anon. , 2007). Externalities and the honourable theoriesGenerally, externalities are always a term which creates a situation of social injustice, its existence generates socially unbalanced outcomes, regarding the fact that a party may gain external benefits without paying any type of costs, or a party who may suffer from and forced to pay external costs without any choice (Anon. , nd). The question almost ethics in all cases of the externalities moves around the universal ethics. The universal ethics are defined as a governance of ethics that can apply to every human being. The externality then, with its both ty pes, the positive one and the negative, may lead to a violation of the ethics.If we analyze the negative externality example we mentioned of the radioactive pollution, as such an externality will contain external costs, people who will be affected by the negative outcomes, will consider the harm they will be exposed to as explicit costs which they did not put into account before. The harm could be in the shape of lung and body diseases, and the extra payment for medical checks and medicines. As the radioactive company serves the people by providing utilities, people will see the harm generated by the same company the negative externality- as a reduction of the utility.The negative externality here then raises an estimable problem as it is simply considered as a violation of ethics as harming others (Anon. , nd). Regarding the positive externalities, it again raises an ethical issue by violating the universal ethics as the positive externalities type is always connected to the term which is called free riding. To explain how positive externality violates the ethics, let us refer to our example of education, when the society as a whole and as a third party, benefits from the education process in the form of being an educated, productive and well being society.Everyone then in the society will benefit, even people who were not educated will benefit without paying any cost. For such people, who will benefit from the educated, productive and well being society they are living in, it is considered external benefits as they did not pay for education, but on the contrary, they are free riding on the cost of others who had to go with and pay for the education process.Another example is the society health care, when people go and obtain the vaccination, the society will be protected from the transmitted diseases by its vaccinated members, but the people who did not receive the vaccination will still be protected from the diseases and will benefit from the healthy and protected society, really they are free riding on the costs of the other members of the society. The free riding problem- the positive externality- is considered to be against the ethics and raise an ethical issue of benefiting from the borne of others (Anon. , nd).Also externalities raise an ethical issue due to the problem that the value or equivalent of any externality is difficult to be discoverd, most of the externalities are hidden, negative externalities are hidden by the traders, and positive externalities are hidden by the third parties benefit from it, which considered cheating, and fail the simple ethical rule do not cheat (kaydee, 2008). With the nowadays absence of ethics, the behavior changed negatively in a dramatic way, People do not think anymore about the externality which they going to create once any product they buy reach the expiry date.Companies do not think about the consequences of their waste disposal of the manufacturing operations. hurt is considered to be a violation of ethics, when a third party is negatively affected by a transaction which is out of his or her control, there is then a case of injustice. Similar, when someone is affected positively by a transaction which is out of his or her control and he or she does not pay for this benefit, again the injustice takes place (kaydee, 2008). Some analysts feed different opinion some will argue that there is no ethical issue about externalities, meaning that there is nothing to do with wrongdoing.The supporters of this opinion say that most of the businesses are trying to achieve the purpose of their existence they try to achieve their aim whatever it is, making profit, providing goods and services, and keeping the employees employed. The participation of interests between the businesses activities and the different parties around does not mean that businesses are doing anything wrong (MacDonald, 2007). Corporations actually should work under some certain core concepts which most of the time create kind of ethical dilemmas, these concepts are the business ethics rules which each business should respect and follow.But it is clear that these concepts are not strictly followed by business leaders, most of corporations do not pay much attention to business ethics and lots of businesses do not pay attention to the ethical implications of the externalities and its damage of the environment. As it is said In business, its easy to talk about ethics, but its blaspheme hard to be ethical. If we look back in time, historically two important ethical philosophies were created, the Western Ethical Philosophy and the Eastern Ethical Philosophy.Generally, philosophers came up with a number of ethical principles that control and guide business activities, these principles can be considered as ethical standards which always get codified into laws. One of the most important and well known ethical systems in the western ethical philosophies was the Hippocratic Oath, the se principles was created by the Greek physician Hippocrates, and they are still used today, these principles in total generally direct people to the concept of Do no harm. The eastern example is the karma which adopts the concept of cause and effect, what are the negative and positive results of any conduct.This ethical system simply says that if you harm others, then the harm will in conclusion return to you according to that, if the business creates good consequences then this good will return back to the business, and if the business does harm others, then the harm will also return and harm the business (Johannsen, n. d. ). So, both philosophies and some other philosophies not mentioned in this paper, raise the ethical issue of harming others, which is related to the externalities consequences, as one of the five core business concepts from the perspective of the harm and the negative effects that businesses generate. cost to mention that the five core business concepts from the view of causing harm are Shareholder Wealth, Profit Maximization, Fiduciary Responsibility, Return on Investment (ROI), and Externalities (Johannsen, n. d. ). In any business, all the accounting figures including profits and costs are always shown on the financial statements, but in the case of the externalities (which some financial analysts call it financial liabilities) the financial statements do not show the external cost or the external benefits of the corporation.Some will argue that this is considered to be a handling and a breach of ethics, and that the businesses should, clarify, confess, be responsible and pay for the externalities they cause. But some others will argue that the externalities are so hard to be described as a number or figure, and thus cannot be shown in the financial statement as liabilities, and so it can not be described as a manipulation or a breach of ethics. One of the important and well known ethical theories that may describe the externalities in a better way could be the utilitarian ethical theory.The utilitarianism refers to the idea that the moral worth of any action, whatever this action is done by an individual or by an entity, the moral worth will be go outd only by how the actions consequences participates to the overall utility. Thus, the utilitarianism indicates a type of consequentialism, as the moral worth of the action then will be judged according to its results and its effects on people. The utility here is considered to be the overall pleasure and the absence of pain.The utilitarian ethical theory describes the different types of actions, any action is considered to be an ethical action- in other words to be morally right if its moral worth is positive, meaning, the actions outcomes contribute in developing the overall utility or the overall happiness or pleasure among people. However the action will be considered as an wrong action- or morally wrong- if its moral worth is negative and its consequences are decreasing the overall utility of people and cause them suffering or pain (Anon. , nd).If we put externalities in practice according to the utilitarian ethical theory, then both types of externalities, the positive and the negative, are to be considered as unethical actions. The negative externality affects the third parties by reducing their utility, in all our previous examples of negative externalities, environment and people end in suffering and pain. Talking about the positive externalities, they are as well considered unethical as the third parties are affected positively but without paying any cost for these benefits which in a way increase their utilities but on the account of others.Although this ethical theory was successful for a period of time, it was faced with lots of criticism which came up later. One of the important criticisms was that the utilitarian ethical theory described the positive and negative externalities as symmetric in nature, and those externalities will lead to non optimal outcomes which call for the necessity of government intervention. Mr. Murray Rothbard wrote in his book, Man, Economy, and State, a good criticism of the utilitarianism approach of externalities. He stated that the positive and the negative externalities are not symmetric from the ethical perspective of property rights.He says that the two externalities types are completely different in nature he argued that the injustice in the case of the negative externalities is due to the failure of the authorities in protecting the property rights of every party involved. Opposite, in the case of the positive externalities, there is no violation of the property rights of the party who gives the external benefits but only when the authority tries to extend this benefits (Cleveland, 2002). Another ethical theory which can explain the externalities is the social debt instrument theory.The corporate social responsibility term- which is divided into four parts, the legal , the discretionary, the economic responsibility, and finally what we are interested in, the ethical responsibility- refers to the obligations of the business to work and conduct the operations in ways which achieve its own interests and the interests of all its stakeholders. Thus, the business is to be considered as a socially responsible if it pays attention and make sure that its activities do not harm or affect negatively its stakeholders (Sandy Millar, Christopher Theunissen, 2008, P69) (Anon. 2008). When we look at externalities from this theorys point of view, especially the negative type of externalities, any business which causes harm to the environment, people and society in total, should not be then considered as socially responsible business. This business often works on achieving its own interests and purpose of existence (making profit and whole the shareholders), but it fails in keeping its social responsibilities and obligations towards the rest of the stakeholders and thus lead to externalities.As mentioned, the most important interest and the main target for most corporations are to satisfy their shareholders needs, and that comes by making profit. This aim is the most argued that it is the reason for corporation to act unethically and not paying attention to the social responsibility and lead to unethical practices which cause the externalities. At the end the corporation is just a legal structure and its moral responsibilities comes from the moral responsibilities of the corporations shareholders, employees, and managers.If the managers are being unethical conducting unethical activities, and if the shareholders are being unethical by approving and giving the green light to the managers to go ahead in such unethical practices, then it at the end reflects on the overall corporation of being ethical or unethical, of being socially responsible or not (Anon. , 2008). This leads to another approach, which is the general ethics theory. Ethics is what examines and judge the human behavior regarding what is right and what is wrong, regarding what is just and what is unjust, and regarding what is fair and what is unfair.To behave ethically is to behave in a manner which is right or moral. The behavior then is considered to be ethical if it is right and the vise versa. But what does determine if the behavior is right or wrong? What does determine if the behavior ethical or unethical? Generally, the society comes on the top of the list of what determines what is right or wrong, even if societies are sometimes different from one another in some of specific rules and determinations of the morally correct behavior, but at the end they all agree some general standards and principles which should be followed.When compounding the two theories together, the social responsibility and the general ethics, we find that externalities happen due to many reasons. There is no one agreed moral code, and people, including top executives, have unaccented sense of good moral especially that nowadays people are mostly far from religion and their morals come often from their experience.This conflict of good behavior and gaining high profit is a good example, when choosing between being socially responsible or profit in the existence of weak sense of morals, the business represented in its official will chooses the profit. In multinational companies, externalities are more likely to happen as these companies operate in different countries each has its own people and its own culture and moral codes which may conflict with each other.Individuals in such companies, when working with different groups with different values and moral codes, tend easily to break their own values, ethics, and behavior which they believe to be the right way, in order to fit, adapt to and be authentic by their group instead of standing up against the wrong behavior, their own interest to be recognized do beat their social responsibility which they ar e obliged towards the society. Suggested solutions for externalities There are some solutions which came up to deal with the issue of externalities.Most of these solutions are faced by criticism due to various reasons. tender Conventions, Regulatory Limits, Mergers, and corrective taxes are considered to be the most important answers to deal with the externalities. The social conventions approach aims to deal with externalities through the social conventions and traditions. But it faced with a criticism that it forces people to take into account the externalities they cause, and that it may work with individuals but its effectiveness will not be useful with high cost externalities generated by multinational companies as instance.Merger, another solution for externalities, gathers all the parties involved in the externality to merge, but again it failed to resolve all situations, it could solve the negative externalities between some firms by merging them together, but in a situati on like a polluter company and the people around this company who are affected negatively by the pollution, how can the company and the people merge together? (Gibson, 1996).The regulatory limits approach is supposed to be the most common approach for dealing with externalities, simply it does not only suggest to impose regulatory limits for the externality amount generated by any party, but as well imposes a fine for any party generates externality which exceeds the regulatory limits. The corrective taxes approach aims to impose corrective taxes in order to push all parties to be socially responsible and limit the amount of externalities produced.If we take pollution as an example, then corrective taxes will be imposed on each unit of pollution equal to the same amount of damage affected the society. The two approaches, which in a way close in concept to each other, aim to force the externalities generators- including businesses- to absorb the cost incurred by them. Still, both app roaches are faced with problems which weaken them.The regulatory limits approach has some difficulties especially when it comes to the determination and detection of the firms breaching the limits and by how much is the violation of the limits (Gibson, 1996). The corrective tax approach has lots of supporters who completely agree that externalities generators should pay the full cost for their faults, and by punishing some business, this will work as a red alert to the rest to pay more attention to business ethics and to behave in a better ethical and moral way.But still the ideas is facing lots of criticism, the opponents claim that when implementing such a tax system, the first result will be the price increase as the businesses will try to keep their profit margin stable, especially after the increase of their costs due to paying the corrective tax, this will eventually lead to a decrease in demand and thus economical problems. Also, the opponents argue that in some externality c ases, such as pollution, it is difficult to determine the polluter and the amount of harm was caused (same like the regulatory limits).And even if the damage amount can be determined, it appears the biggest problem of externality which is the estimation of the externality effects. unconditional or negative externality should be measured and seed into a value which will determine the corrective tax amount (Gibson, 1996). Some businesses, when faced with the problem of externality, and when they are accused by affecting negatively third parties, whatever it was environment, people or other businesses, they sometimes follow what is called the obstructive response, which indicates the lowest stagecoach of social responsibility.According to this type of response, accused businesses tend to deny all the responsibility, and argue that any evidence that they generated an externality is misleading they also do their trump out to delay investigations and the conformation of externality ev idences, they did not only breach the ethical rule of do not harm by they as well breach the rule of do not cheat. Conclusion and recommendations Externality with its two types, the positive and the negative, happens all the time in our normal daily life it has several effects on all parties involved.Environmental harm is the most important and recognized consequence of the negative externality. Several ethical theories can be used to explain the ethical nature of externalities, the utilitarianism, the social responsibility, and the general ethics theories. Generally, externalities are considered to be a violation of ethics. Many reasons cause the externalities, but most significantly is the absence of ethics, and the good moral of people, which lead to absence of business ethics and morals as business at the end consists of groups of people.There are businesses which pay attention to the social responsibility and the good moral, these businesses try to meet their obligations toward s their business environment, sometimes through setting up special committees or professional experts in order to discuss and solve their ethical problems. But most businesses are clearly tend to ignore their social responsibility and act mostly in the way which serves their own interests and deny any claim or evidences about the externalities and harm they may cause to their business environment.There are several potential approaches to deal with the problem of externalities, but each approach has its weaknesses. There is a strong support for persuading businesses to fully take the responsibility and pay for the externalitys cost incurred by them. The opponents of this opinion argue that this cannot be done as it is difficult to determine the amount of harm produced and as well difficult to translate it into a value. Some other opponents claim that businesses do offer to the society and the business environment more benefits than harm in the shape of better economy, employment, uti lities and welfare. fall out executives and managers and generally business officials should work and ethically apply the core concepts in ways which prevent the externalities and the harm which could be generated by their decisions. They also have to solve the problem of interests conflict and act in a way that balance and achieve both interest as much as possible. Business officials have to establish moral principles to determine an organizational core value to control and guide the organizations practices and to set a moral climate deep down the organization.Any business that violates the ethics should then be suspended from continuing its operation for a period of time at least till castigation step is taken. People should return and relive the ethics and values, and they have to act and behave rationally. Governments must play stronger role to deal with the externality problem. Many approaches can be followed like a well define for property rights, Criminalization, Civil Tort law, and Government provision. References Anonymous. , nd. Definition of Externality. (Online). accessible at About. om Economics. http//economics. about. com/cs/economics glossary/g/externality. htm. (Accessed 20 July 2009) Anonymous. , nd. Externality. (Online). uncommitted at Wikipedia, Answer. com. http//www. answers. com/topic/externality-1. (Accessed 22 July 2009) Anonymous. , 2007. Externality. (Online). Available at Guardian. co. uk. http//www. guardian. co. uk/business/2007/apr/11/businessglossary9. (Accessed 25 July 2009) Anonymous. , nd. Utilitarianism. (Online). Available at Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Utilitarianism. (Accessed 28 July 2009) Anonymous. , 2008. Social Responsibility. (Online). Available at OPPapers. http//www. oppapers. com/essays/Social-Responsibility/159386. (Accessed 1 august 2009) Cleveland. , A. , 2002. The Failure of Utilitarian Ethics in Political Economy. (Online). Available at The Independent Institute. http/ /www. independent. org/publications/article. asp? id=1602. (Accessed 28 July 2009) Gibson. , H. , 1996. Externalities Implications for allocative efficiency and suggested solutions. (Online).Available at Hunterlink. http//www2. hunterlink. net. au/ddhrg/econ/ext1. html. (Accessed 28 July 2009) Johannsen. , M. , nd. Five Core Business Concepts Causing Ethical Problems for Organizations. (Online). Available at A Glossary of Political Economy. http//www. legacee. com/Info/ outlook/BusinessEthics. html. (Accessed 27 July 2009) Jonson. , P. , nd. Externality. (Online). Available at A Glossary of Political Economy. http//www. auburn. edu/johnspm/gloss/externality. (Accessed 20 July 2009) Kay Dee. , 2008. The Ethics of Externalities. Online). Available at Engineering Ethics Blog. http//engineeringethicsblog. blogspot. com/2008/11/ethics-of-externalities. html. (Accessed 20 July 2009) MacDonald. , C. , 2007. Externalities and the Ethics of Small Matters. (Online). Available at The Business Ethics Blog. http//www. businessethics. ca/blog/2007/03/samosa-ethics-externalities-and-ethics. html. (Accessed 20 July 2009) Shapiro. , D & Khemani. , R. , 2003. Externality. (Online). Available at Glossary of Statistical Term. http//stats. oecd. org/glossary/detail. asp? ID=3215.

Ascent of Money

The Ascent of Money Individual Essay ECO/372 October 10th, 2012 The Ascent of Money Individual Essay The Ascent of Money create verbally by Harvard Professor Nail Ferguson as a way to converse about The Financial History of the World (Ferguson, 2009). Ferguson describes the increase and development of economics concentrating on damages, financial institutes, and the bond market. Ferguson reveals the method in which history give the gate enlighten our comprehension of the existing economic predicament for American worldwide domination or control.Fergusons main premise is that these institutions, which atomic number 18 highly criticized these days, are vital for the success of the capitalist strategy. Stock markets allow companies to raise money in order to blow a fuse their businesses and by that create jobs, or provide services in which the consumer is interested in. In the process, the quality of life of the people, who got hired or received better services, has improved. Th e banking system achieves a similar goal, but in a different manner.The banking system acts as the middleman, between the person who wants to lend money and the person who wants to borrow money. Doing so, helps to deal better capital into places where it is more needed. In the episode entitled lay on the liney Business, Ferguson observes the origin of the insurance trade in Europe how catastrophes similar to Hurricane Katrina depicts dilemmas in lay on the line management, how countries like Japan and Chile administer risk for their people and the large rewards that can be accumulated through risk with hedge funds (Ferguson, 2009).The do of jeopardy engaged in the insurance industry. Comprises the incapability to cover-up the payments owing from the disaster rooted by Hurricane Katrina the source of the insurance trade how Japan born-again into a swell upbeing state, and its penalties in the current day Chile leaving from the welfare state model in the 1970s the unoriginal mar ket, and the unusual wealth it has led to as well as the implosion of such firms as AIG (Ferguson, 2009). Life is a serious of ups and down and somewhat risky at times.This is the reason the individuals suck out an insurance policy on their homes, vehicles, and themselves? There are escapements when the unforeseen tragedy happens and the state steps-in to help. When the disaster with Hurricane Katrina occurred, Ferguson visited the site to inquirer why the market cant offer sufficient safeguard against disaster. His journey takes him to the beginning of contemporary insurance at the start of the 19th century to current date insurance issues (Ferguson, 2009).Insurance is a risky business and mainly used to evade against the peril of a dependent of unforeseen events. Insurance is distinct as the evenhanded move of the danger of a defeat, from one unit to one more, in trade for compensation. An individual that is an insurance agent or broker is an individual that sells insurance pol icies from vehicle policy to a homeowners policy. The insured, or policyholder, is the individual or person purchasing the insurance plan or policy. The quantity to be priced for a definite sum of insurance coverage is called the premium.Risk management, is an exercise in appraise and manage the risk factors, and has developed as a separate subject of learnedness and observation (Ferguson, 2009). The contract engages the insured to assume assurance and identified comparatively in a small amount in the shape of fee to the insurance company in trading for the insurers pledge to reimburse (assure) the insured in the situation of a monetary (individual) demise. The insured obtains an agreement, called the insurance policy, which fine points the stipulations and conditions under which the insured allow be financially compensated.Risk management is the classification, appraisal, and prioritization of risks pursued by synchronized and inexpensive request of capital to diminish, observe, and manage the likelihood or collision of fateful measures or to capitalize on the understanding of opportunity. Perils can occur as part of doubt in economic markets, development failures, lawful liabilities, natural accidents, and disasters as well as assaults from an opponent or enemy or even from unforeseen causes.The strategy to supervise danger naturally is to include moving that danger to different individual, evading the danger, plummeting the harmful results or likelihood of the danger, or still tolerating little or the entirety of the possible or real penalty of a specific danger. fraction characteristics of risk management principles have been praised and analysis for possessing no quantifiable enhancement on risk, whether it is self-confidence in estimation and judgment. ConclusionAlthough risk management and insurance are directly linked, insurance by itself is not totally risk management. Risk management is extreme expansive and consist of the theories dealing with e vading, stopping, and reducing cost and damage. Risk management focuses on additional means than insurance for removing the monetary penalties of items lost in a disaster. References Ferguson, Niall (2008-11-13). The Ascent of Money A Financial History of the World. Retrieved from The Penguin electronic jamming HC. ISBN 978-1-59420-192-9The Ascent of Money. (2009). Risky Business. Retrieved from http//video. pbs. org/program/ascent-of-money/ The Economist (2008). A Financial History of the World. Retrieved from http//www. economist. com/node/12376642 Ferguson, Nail 2009). The Ascent of Money A Financial History of the World. Retrieved from http//www. youtube. com/ mark off? v=4Xx_5PuLIzc Cornell University Risk Management & Insurance. (2005). Welcome to Risk Management & Insurance. Retrieved from http//www. risk. cornell. edu/

Branding Essay

As a consuming population we rescue formed tardily emotional bonds with our home runs, to the extent that they now determine who we are and how we are perceived. (Isaksen and Roper, 2008). Brands are everywhere we look. They are simply unavoidable. We wake up in the aurora brush our teeth with a blemish of toothpaste, use our branded shampoo, put on several brands of clothes and then eat our branded toast. We simply cannot dodging from them. So the enquires I pose are Why do we choose the brands we do? What do our brands say about us?Brand ersonality refers to the set of merciful characteristics associated with a brand (Aaker, 1997). When I talk about brand determine or brand personality I am basically asking if this brand were a person who would it be? Or else when we subvert these brands what do they represent? Our modern culture has become obsessed with brands so what do they mean? If you buy a BMW people will assume you are rich, if you are seen walking around with a pa ir of Beats you are seen to be cool. Every crossroad we buy or service we use says something about us whether we want it to or not.Everything comes with an age or has a stigma attached to it. eventide the unison we listen to and the celebrities we admire harbor become brands in themselves. Take Kim Kardashian as an example she wasnt heard of up until 2007 and now she is one of the most illustrious women on the planet with business ventures such as perfume, clothing stores, a T. V show and over 16 million followers on cheep she has completely made a brand out of herself. Aaker (1997) suggests that the personality traits associated with a brand, such as those associated with an individual, tend to be elatively enduring and distinct.Such as when you hear Mercedes you think luxury, Guinness is tradition and Chanel is elegance. In colleges all across the country every student not only has the burden of exams and QCAs but alike how they look and its the brands they buy that decide this. You will be questioned if youre not wearing the latest Hollister gear or carrying a shiny youthful iPhone 5. Hollister originated in California in 1922 and is a brand associated with the beach and surfing yet in most schools and colleges it has been turned into popularity contest of who can have the ost or the best or the newest.Brands are completely consuming us and its not Just spoilt teenagers anymore it is ranging from everyone from early kids of 5 historic period old right through adolescents up to adults. Primary school kids are coming home crying because they dont have the latest brand of lunch box like their friends and middle aged men are going out buying ridiculously expensive phones and cars Just to stay facial expression young because they believe thats what those brands can sullener them. They are willing to pay for Just a couple more years of feeling young and on trend.This leads into Bhat and Reddy (1998) and their theory of how brands can be functional, s ymbolic or both. Functional brands satisfy immediate and practical needs. Symbolic brands satisfy symbolic needs such as those for self-expression and prestige, and their practical usage Is only incidental (Bhat and Reddy,1998). People have taken a brand that was originally meant as functional such as clothing, phones and cars and turned them into something so symbolic that they actually covet them. You keep certain clothes for good wear spend hours cleaning your car and people heighten ore now to save a talling phone than a talling baby.Bhat and Reddy ( 8) were able to prove this theory through diverse research groups and methods For example, to owners of Harley-Davidson motorcycles, their motorcycle is not Just a mode of transportation. (Bhat and Reddy, 1998). They have said It is an experience, an attitude, a lifestyle, and a vehicle to express who one is (Aaker,1996). Adolescents are influenced the easiest when it comes to symbolic positioning of brands. As cognitive instruct ion progresses, adolescents are able to understand the complex ymbolism of brands and their role in defining the self. Chaplin and Roedder-John, 2005) They want everything theyre friends have and are surrounded by images of celebrities showing off the latest fashions and technology. Several brands are even endorsed by the celebrities they look up to. Young girls are influenced so easily by the beautiful people on television so why wouldnt they want to buy shampoo that will make their vibrissa look like Cheryl Coles hair or make up that will make them look like Beyonc or even clothes that will make them look like Rihanna.Even teenage boys are seeing images such as David Beckham sprawled across a billboard half naked so why shouldnt they buy Armani boxers to look like him and why shouldnt they want to drive the luxury car brands like soccer players? Companies continuously aim products at teenagers through different mediums such as television, music, and celebrities. Isaksen and Rope r (2008) suggests brands which are placed in popular teenage television programs are likely to benefit from a positive image and be popular among adolescent consumers. Teenagers have become walking brands but t isnt their fault it is what they are surrounded by.In summary brands have completely taken over our lives. Everyone buys into them whether they mean to or not and we can all pretend to hate them yet they are such a macroscopic part of our everyday lives there is no escaping them. Companies have realised this and know exactly how to market their brands to the different markets so we have to accept them. We are influenced by them in ways we dont even realise. They are part of our society and culture and the fashion of brands is only growing stronger so my final question is which brand are you?